1 Why the Grade Distinction Matters — and Where Researchers Go Wrong
Nafion is rarely described as a product family in the electrochemistry literature. Papers report using “Nafion 117” or “Nafion 212” as if the grade were obvious from the application — and for experienced researchers in a narrow subdiscipline, it often is. But for a researcher moving from, say, CO₂ electroreduction in an H-cell into MEA-based PEMFC testing for the first time, the distinction between grades is not obvious at all.
Choosing the wrong membrane grade can do more than reduce performance; it can lead to misleading comparisons with published data.
Using Nafion 117 in an MEA application where Nafion 212 is standard adds approximately 130 μm of additional ionic resistance between your catalyst layers. That translates directly into higher cell voltage at every current density point on your polarisation curve — systematically inflating your overpotential data compared to the published literature you are benchmarking against. Conversely, using Nafion 212 in a pressurised PEMWE setup at elevated current density produces significantly higher hydrogen crossover than Nafion 117, which has safety implications and compromises cathode gas purity.
This guide gives you a practical framework for choosing the most suitable Nafion grade for your experiment. All grades discussed are available through ScienceGears’ ion-exchange membrane range, with local stock in Australia and New Zealand.
2 Decoding the Nafion Naming System
Nafion grade numbers are not arbitrary. They encode two pieces of physical information in a consistent system:
For legacy N-series grades such as Nafion N115 and N117, the first two digits commonly indicate an EW of approximately 1,100 g mol⁻¹, while the final digit indicates nominal dry thickness in mil. Do not apply this rule directly to NR211 and NR212; use the manufacturer or supplier datasheet for those grades. EW defines how many grams of dry Nafion contain one mole of sulphonic acid groups — a lower EW means higher ion exchange capacity (IEC) and, generally, higher proton conductivity per unit thickness.
Final digit → Nominal dry thickness in thousandths of an inch (mil):
- Nafion N117 = nominal 7 mil; commonly listed as ~178–183 μm dry
- Nafion N115 = 5 mil = ~127 μm dry
- Nafion NR212 = nominal 2 mil; commonly listed as ~50–51 μm dry
- Nafion NR211 = nominal 1 mil; commonly listed as ~25 μm dry
One important distinction: Nafion N115 and N117 are extrusion-cast membranes — manufactured by an extrusion-cast process, which generally gives thicker, mechanically robust membranes. Nafion NR211 and NR212 are solution-cast membranes — manufactured by casting from Nafion dispersion solution, producing thinner membranes commonly used where low area-specific resistance is important. This manufacturing difference affects mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and how each membrane behaves under compression in a test cell, which is covered in Section 7.
3 Full Specification Comparison — 115, 117, 211, and 212
The table below consolidates the most practically important specifications across all four commonly used Nafion grades. All thickness values are for the H⁺ (proton) form unless stated. Full manufacturer datasheets for each grade are available via the ScienceGears datasheet library.
| Property | Nafion 115 | Nafion 117 | Nafion 211 | Nafion 212 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing method | Extruded | Extruded | Dispersion-cast | Dispersion-cast |
| Equivalent weight (g mol⁻¹) | ~1,100 | ~1,100 | ~1,100 | ~1,100 |
| Dry thickness (μm) | ~127 | ~178–183 | ~25 | ~51 |
| Wet thickness (μm) | ~145 | ~210 | ~29 | ~58 |
| Hydrated thickness (μm) | ~160 | ~230 | ~32 | ~64 |
| Proton conductivity (S cm⁻¹, 25 °C fully hydrated) | 0.083–0.10 | 0.083–0.10 | 0.10–0.12 | 0.10–0.13 |
| Water uptake (% by weight) | ~25–30% | ~25–30% | ~38–45% | ~38–45% |
| In-plane swelling ratio at 80 °C | ~10–12% | ~10–12% | ~13–15% | ~14–15% |
| H₂ permeability (relative) | Moderate | Low | High | Moderate–high |
| Mechanical robustness | High | Highest | Low | Moderate |
| Typical ASR at 25 °C (Ω cm²) | ~0.13–0.16 | ~0.18–0.23 | ~0.02–0.03 | ~0.04–0.05 |
| Primary application | MEA prototyping, PEMFC | PEMWE, H-cell, baseline | Ultra-thin MEA, CCM | High-performance MEA, PEMFC |
4 The Fundamental Trade-Off: Ohmic Resistance vs Gas Crossover
Every Nafion grade selection ultimately resolves to a single trade-off: lower ohmic resistance vs lower gas crossover. Understanding this trade-off quantitatively is the most important step in making the right grade decision.
4.1 Ohmic Resistance — Why Thinner Wins in MEA Applications
Ohmic resistance (RΩ) in a membrane scales approximately linearly with thickness for the extruded Nafion series. A Nafion 117 membrane at 25 °C contributes roughly 0.18–0.23 Ω cm² to the total cell ASR. A Nafion 212 membrane contributes approximately 0.04–0.05 Ω cm² under the same conditions — a reduction of roughly 75%.
In a polarisation curve run with a potentiostat, every 0.1 Ω cm² of additional membrane resistance produces a voltage loss of ~100 mV at 1 A cm⁻². For a researcher trying to demonstrate catalyst performance at high current densities, this difference is the distinction between a credible and a disappointing performance curve. The lower ASR of hydrated Nafion NR212 facilitates rapid proton transport, supporting larger power densities without extensive voltage losses — a common limitation in thicker membrane types.
4.2 Gas Crossover — Why Thicker Wins in Electrolysis
Gas crossover is the permeation of dissolved hydrogen or oxygen through the membrane from one compartment to the other. In PEMWE, hydrogen produced at the cathode can permeate through the membrane to the anode, where it dilutes the oxygen stream and — above the lower flammability limit — creates a safety hazard. It also represents a direct efficiency loss.
Hydrogen crossover studies under defined electrolysis conditions have reported an approximately linear relationship between hydrogen crossover flux and current density. More recent studies have used thinner Nafion 212 membranes (51 μm) at higher current densities, and the usage of thinner membranes generally results in higher anodic hydrogen contents.
In some reported PEMWE configurations using Nafion 117 at 80 °C, high cell voltages have been observed before 5 A cm⁻² — meaning that the thicker membrane’s higher resistance becomes the dominant limitation at moderate current densities. But the crossover safety margin it provides at elevated pressure is the reason Nafion 117 remains the standard for PEMWE research.
The Practical Rule for Grade Selection
For any experiment where gas purity or safety at elevated pressure matters — PEMWE, pressurised H-cells, or long-duration electrolysis runs — use Nafion 117 or Nafion 115. For MEA performance optimisation where cell voltage and power density are the primary metrics, use Nafion 212. For researchers running in-situ or operando measurements alongside electrolysis, the lower crossover of Nafion 117 can reduce cross-compartment gas contamination; bubble management near a spectroscopy window still depends mainly on cell design, flow and orientation.
Caption: As membrane thickness increases from Nafion 211 (25 µm) to Nafion 117 (183 µm), ohmic resistance (ASR, blue) rises and hydrogen crossover (coral) falls. Selecting a grade requires choosing where on this trade-off curve your application sits.
5 Grade-by-Grade Deep Dive
5.1 Nafion 117 — The Research Workhorse
Dry thickness: ~183 μm · Hydrated thickness: ~230 μm · EW: ~1,100 g mol⁻¹
Nafion 117 is one of the most commonly reported Nafion grades in the electrochemical literature for a simple reason: it is the membrane that generations of researchers have used as a default, meaning that more experimental data has been published against it than against any other Nafion grade. That body of literature is itself a scientific asset — when you use Nafion 117, you can directly benchmark your results against many published studies.
Its 183 μm dry thickness provides substantial mechanical robustness during handling, gasket assembly, and repeated test cell cycling. The lower risk of pinhole formation during assembly — particularly important for researchers less experienced with thin-film membranes — makes it the sensible default for new experimental setups, new researchers, and any application where membrane integrity over extended runs is more important than minimising ohmic resistance.
Use Nafion 117 when:
- Running PEMWE at moderate-to-high current densities (up to ~5 A cm⁻²) where gas crossover is a safety or purity concern
- Setting up an H-cell for CO₂ reduction, nitrogen reduction, or other dual-chamber experiments
- Establishing a baseline measurement that will be compared directly against published literature
- Your cell will be assembled and disassembled repeatedly (the robustness advantage is meaningful)
- Working with researchers new to membrane handling who need a forgiving membrane
Browse Nafion 117 at ScienceGears →
5.2 Nafion 212 — The High-Performance MEA Choice
Dry thickness: ~50–51 μm · Hydrated thickness: ~64 μm · EW: verify against the exact supplier datasheet; commonly listed as ~1,100 g mol⁻¹
Nafion NR212 is widely used in MEA-based PEMFC research and in selected low-resistance PEMWE/MEA studies. If you are new to MEA assembly, our complete MEA guide covers the full fabrication process including catalyst layer deposition, hotpress, and gasket selection. Nafion 212 achieves reduced ionic resistance compared to thicker membranes, which is critical in high-current-density or high-power-density MEA testing.
Its dispersion-cast structure gives it slightly different dimensional stability compared to the extruded grades — the in-plane swelling ratio of Nafion 212 at 80 °C is approximately 14.6%, which is meaningfully higher than extruded Nafion 115 or 117. This swelling must be accounted for in gasket design. If you are pressing a Nafion 212 CCM at 130–140 °C for MEA hotpress fabrication, the membrane will swell laterally during the process — ensure your active area die-cut is appropriately oversized.
In redox flow battery applications: the performance of an aqueous organic redox flow battery using thin Nafion 212 is better than that of systems using thick Nafion 117 and Nafion 1110 membranes in voltage efficiency (VE) and energy efficiency (EE).
Use Nafion 212 when:
- Fabricating or testing MEA test cells where minimising ohmic resistance is the priority
- Running PEMFC performance evaluations targeted at competitive power density
- Assembling a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) by hotpress at 130–140 °C
- Testing at elevated temperature (60–80 °C) where low ASR is important and hydration is well controlled
- Evaluating redox flow battery membranes where voltage efficiency is the primary metric
Browse Nafion 212 at ScienceGears →
5.3 Nafion 115 — The Overlooked Middle Ground
Dry thickness: ~127 μm · Hydrated thickness: ~160 μm · EW: ~1,100 g mol⁻¹
Nafion 115 occupies a genuinely useful middle position that is frequently overlooked in both the academic literature and in lab procurement decisions. Its 127 μm dry thickness gives it meaningfully lower ASR than Nafion 117 (~0.13–0.16 Ω cm² vs ~0.18–0.23 Ω cm²) whilst retaining substantially better mechanical robustness than the dispersion-cast thin-film grades.
In some vanadium redox flow battery studies, Nafion 115 has been reported to provide high energy efficiency and electrolyte utilisation at current densities of 120–240 mA cm⁻², outperforming both 117 and 112. This makes it a strong candidate for redox flow battery characterisation at research-relevant current densities.
For PEMFC work, Nafion 115 offers a performance step-up over 117 without the handling challenges of 212. Nafion 115 has a dry thickness of approximately 125 μm, and its extruded structure gives it the same excellent long-term chemical stability as 117 under oxidising anode conditions.
Use Nafion 115 when:
- Conducting vanadium or aqueous organic redox flow battery research at moderate current densities (120–240 mA cm⁻²)
- Prototyping MEA designs where you want lower resistance than 117 but need more robustness than 212 for repeated assembly
- Comparing directly against 117 in a thickness-controlled study — 115 and 117 share the same EW (~1,100 g mol⁻¹), making them ideal for isolating the effect of membrane thickness alone
- Working with a cell format that requires a stiffer membrane than 212 can provide
Browse Nafion 115 at ScienceGears →
5.4 Nafion 211 — For Ultra-Thin Applications
Dry thickness: ~25 μm · Hydrated thickness: ~32 μm · EW: verify against the exact supplier datasheet; commonly listed as ~1,100 g mol⁻¹
Nafion 211 is included here for completeness, though it sits outside the main comparison between 115, 117, and 212. Its 25 μm dry thickness gives it the lowest ASR of any standard commercial Nafion grade (~0.02–0.03 Ω cm²), making it attractive for ultra-high-performance MEA fabrication and advanced CCM designs. In rotating disk electrode (RDE) studies using RDE/RRDE electrode setups, Nafion ionomer dispersion — not Nafion 211 membrane sheet — is commonly used as a binder in RDE/RRDE catalyst inks. Its IEC is slightly higher than the 1,100 EW grades — the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of Nafion 117 is about 0.88 meq g⁻¹, whilst Nafion 211 exhibits an IEC value of about 0.98 meq g⁻¹ — which contributes to its higher conductivity per unit thickness.
However, Nafion 211 requires experienced handling. At 25 μm dry, it wrinkles and tears readily during cutting, positioning, and gasket assembly. It is not recommended as a first membrane for researchers new to MEA fabrication, and it is not appropriate for H-cell or standard bench-top electrochemical cell formats.
6 Application Decision Matrix — Which Grade for Which Experiment
Use this table directly at the point of experimental design. For each common application, the recommended grade is given with a brief rationale and the key performance consideration. All grades listed are available from ScienceGears’ ion-exchange membrane catalogue with local AU/NZ stock.
| Application | Recommended Grade | Why | Key Consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| PEM water electrolysis (PEMWE) — moderate pressure | Nafion 117 | Low H₂ crossover, robust under extended electrolysis | Thin membranes can show higher gas crossover at elevated pressure; verify crossover under the intended operating conditions |
| PEM water electrolysis — high current density (>5 A cm⁻²) | Nafion 212 | Low ASR critical for voltage efficiency at high current | Monitor H₂ crossover; restrict to lower pressure operation |
| PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) — MEA performance evaluation | Nafion 212 | Competitive power density requires low ASR | Account for higher in-plane swelling during hotpress and confirm against the datasheet or your own conditioning protocol |
| PEM fuel cell — durability / lifetime study | Nafion 117 | Robustness over thousands of hours preferred | Higher ASR acceptable for long-duration degradation tests |
| H-cell CO₂ reduction / nitrogen reduction | Nafion 117 | Gas-tight, robust under repeated assembly, well-characterised | Pre-treat before use; design gasket to hydrated thickness |
| MEA fabrication (CCM hotpress) | Nafion 212 or 211 | Thin film, low ASR, good catalyst layer adhesion | Handle carefully; wrinkles at 211 thickness invalidate MEA |
| MEA prototyping (repeated assembly) | Nafion 115 | Lower ASR than 117, more robust than 212 for repeated use | Good middle-ground for iterative MEA development |
| Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) | Nafion 115 | Highest EE and electrolyte utilisation at 120–240 mA cm⁻² | Nafion 212 better for voltage efficiency; 115 better overall |
| Aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) | Nafion 212 | Superior voltage and energy efficiency vs 117 | Capacity decay slightly higher at 40 °C than at 25 °C |
| MEA test cell baseline characterisation | Nafion 117 | Most-cited in literature; best benchmarking baseline | Use same batch across all test cells for reproducibility |
| Corrosion / electrodeposition H-cell studies | Nafion 117 | Robust under continuous electrolyte exposure | Replace if yellowing or visible contamination observed |
7 Practical Handling Differences Between Grades
The grade you select determines not just your experimental parameters, but how you physically work with the membrane in the lab. These differences are rarely discussed in published methods sections, which is why they catch researchers off guard.
7.1 Cutting
Nafion 117 and 115 (extruded): Cut cleanly with a sharp scalpel or steel-rule die cutter. Scissors introduce edge defects — ragged edges under compression in a test cell create pathways for electrolyte bypass. For circular cuts (e.g. for ScienceGears H-cell configurations), a steel hole-punch of the correct diameter gives a cleaner edge than a scalpel.
Nafion 212 and 211 (dispersion-cast): More prone to tearing during cutting, particularly when dry. Cut from the centre outward rather than from the edge. For 211, pre-wet the membrane slightly before cutting — this reduces brittleness and edge cracking. Use a fresh blade for every cut; a dull blade drags rather than shears.
7.2 Gasket Design
Match your gasket thickness to the hydrated membrane thickness, not the dry specification. The table below gives the critical dimensions for each grade:
| Grade | Dry (μm) | Hydrated (μm) | Recommended Gasket Thickness (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nafion 115 | ~127 | ~160 | ~120–130 (75–80% of hydrated) |
| Nafion 117 | ~183 | ~230 | ~170–185 (75–80% of hydrated) |
| Nafion 212 | ~51 | ~64 | ~48–52 (75–80% of hydrated) |
| Nafion 211 | ~25 | ~32 | ~24–26 (75–80% of hydrated) |
Over-compression collapses the hydrated polymer network and reduces ionic conductivity. Under-compression allows electrolyte bypass and increases contact resistance at the electrode–membrane interface.
7.3 Hotpress Parameters for MEA Fabrication
Typical starting parameters for hotpress CCM fabrication using ScienceGears MEA test cells are shown below; optimise for the catalyst layer, membrane condition, gasket and hardware.
| Grade | Hotpress Temperature | Hotpress Pressure | Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nafion 117 | 130 °C | 5–10 MPa | 3–5 min | Standard protocol; membrane is dimensionally stable |
| Nafion 115 | 130 °C | 5–10 MPa | 3–5 min | As for 117; slightly lower compression needed |
| Nafion 212 | 130–140 °C | 3–7 MPa | 2–3 min | Higher swelling — allow for lateral expansion; use lower pressure |
| Nafion 211 | 120–130 °C | 3–5 MPa | 2 min | Very sensitive to over-pressing; causes wrinkles; practise with off-cuts |
7.4 Storage After Use
Once pre-treated and hydrated, all Nafion grades should be stored submerged in deionised water at 4–8 °C in a sealed container. Do not allow a pre-treated membrane to dry. For the full step-by-step pre-treatment procedure, see our Nafion membrane pre-treatment protocol. For long-term storage of as-received (dry) membrane sheets, keep in original sealed packaging away from UV light, high humidity, and temperatures above 40 °C. Properly stored as-received Nafion may retain its properties for several years; follow the supplier’s shelf-life and storage guidance.
8 Frequently Asked Questions
For broader questions about ScienceGears products, ordering, and shipping, visit our main FAQ page.
Q1 Can I substitute Nafion 212 directly for Nafion 117 in an existing experimental protocol?
For H-cell and standard electrochemical cell formats: not straightforwardly. The gasket geometry for Nafion 117 (designed for 230 μm hydrated thickness) will significantly over-compress Nafion 212 (64 μm hydrated), collapsing its ionic channels and producing anomalously high membrane resistance. If you want to switch grades in an existing cell, redesign the gasket for the new grade’s hydrated thickness before running any experiments.
For MEA hotpress protocols: yes, with modifications to pressure and duration as per the table in Section 7.3. A direct swap without adjusting the press parameters frequently produces wrinkled or cracked Nafion 212 MEAs.
Q2 Nafion 212 is listed as having higher conductivity than 117. Why would I ever use 117?
Higher conductivity per unit thickness does not mean higher conductivity in absolute terms — Nafion 212 is simply thinner. In applications where gas crossover, membrane robustness, or long-term durability outweigh the benefit of lower ASR, Nafion 117 is the correct choice. Gas crossover at pressurised PEMWE conditions, the ability to survive repeated assembly cycles, and the larger body of published literature all favour 117 in the right applications.
Q3 Does Nafion 115 have any advantage over Nafion 117 for H-cell CO₂ reduction experiments?
The difference in gas crossover between 115 and 117 in a standard atmospheric-pressure H-cell is small enough to be within experimental error for most setups. In this application, the choice between them comes down to whether you want to compare directly against the widest body of literature (117) or reduce the membrane’s ohmic contribution slightly (115). For most CO₂RR H-cell work, Nafion 117 remains the standard default. The 115 advantage is more pronounced in PEMWE and RFB applications where the thickness–performance relationship is operating at higher current densities.
Q4 I have seen papers using “Nafion NR-212” — is this the same as Nafion 212?
Yes, Nafion NR212 is commonly used as the current product designation for Nafion 212-type membrane. Avoid interpreting “NR” as “reinforced” unless the specific product datasheet states that it is a reinforced membrane. Nafion NR-212 is the current commercial designation for what was previously sold as Nafion 212. The physical specifications are equivalent.
Q5 Which grade is best for a microbial fuel cell (MFC)?
For many MFC applications, current densities are relatively low compared with PEMFC or PEMWE systems, so the ohmic resistance advantage of 212 is less meaningful in this context. The primary reason to use Nafion 117 over 212 in an MFC is robustness over extended operation periods — MFC experiments frequently run for weeks to months, and the mechanical durability of 117 is a meaningful advantage.
9 Expert Support — How ScienceGears Works Alongside Your Research
Many suppliers list stock and specifications. ScienceGears can help you select the right grade, understand the trade-offs, and identify practical handling issues before assembly — because our team has run the same experiments you are running.
ScienceGears is founded and directed by PhD-trained electrochemists. That background shapes every part of the support we offer: we do not read from a spec sheet when you call us. We have worked with Nafion 117 in PEMWE cells, assembled Nafion 212 CCMs under hotpress, and troubleshot yellowing membranes in vanadium flow battery rigs. When you contact us with a question about which grade to use, you are talking to someone who has made the same decision themselves.
What Expert Support Looks Like in Practice
Before You Order — Grade Selection Consultation If you have read this guide and are still uncertain whether 115, 117, or 212 is the right call for your specific cell format, operating pressure, and current density regime, contact us before placing an order. We will ask you three or four targeted questions about your setup and give you a direct recommendation — not a product range to browse through. This is not a sales call. It is the kind of conversation you would have with a senior colleague in the lab.
Gasket Specification Matching One of the most common sources of irreproducibility in membrane research is a gasket thickness that does not match the membrane's hydrated dimensions. As covered in Section 7.2, over-compression collapses Nafion's ionic channels; under-compression causes electrolyte bypass. We can confirm the correct gasket specification for your grade and cell format before you cut anything — whether you are using a ScienceGears MEA test cell, H-cell, or a custom cell body.
Compatibility Confirmation Across Your Full System ScienceGears can advise on compatibility between Nafion grades, electrochemical cells, MEA fixtures and test stations. If you are building a system that combines membranes, electrodes, and a test station — for example, a PEMWE test station with Nafion 117 and platinum-coated titanium PTLs — we can confirm compatibility, advise on pre-treatment sequence, and flag any known interaction effects between components before you run your first experiment.
Pre-Treatment Protocol Guidance The standard DuPont pre-treatment protocol (H₂O₂ → DI water → H₂SO₄ → DI water) is described in Section 7 of our pillar guide, but the execution details matter — concentration, temperature, duration, and the order of steps all affect the outcome. If your first run produces anomalously high membrane resistance or unexpected discolouration, contact us before replacing the membrane. The issue is frequently a pre-treatment step that was carried out in the wrong sequence or at the wrong temperature, not a defective membrane.
Technical Application Notes and Resources
Beyond direct consultation, ScienceGears maintains a library of technical resources for researchers working with ion-exchange membranes and electrochemical test systems:
- Application notes — in-depth technical guides for specific experimental configurations
- Blog series — the full pillar and cluster content library covering membranes, MEA assembly, EIS measurement, and electrolyser testing
- Videos — setup guides, webinars, and cell assembly walkthroughs
- Software resources — tutorials and troubleshooting guides for potentiostat software and EIS analysis
- Publications — peer-reviewed research from the ScienceGears team
Local AU/NZ Stock — No International Lead Times
Nafion 115, 117, 211, and 212 are held in local Australian inventory. When your experiment requires a fresh membrane at short notice — whether because a membrane has degraded mid-campaign or a new cell design requires a different grade — you are not waiting 4–8 weeks for international freight. Orders placed before midday may dispatch the same day when stock, order processing and courier cut-off times allow.
Integrated System Supply
Every Nafion grade stocked by ScienceGears has been selected for compatibility with our full test system range. Whether your membrane is going into an electrochemical cell, an H-cell, a PEMWE test station, an AEMWE test station, a PEMFC test station, a CO₂ reduction test station, or a redox flow battery test station, we can confirm the correct grade, gasket specification, and operating parameters as a single integrated recommendation.
“The membrane is not passive hardware — it is a chemically active separator that controls ionic transport and stabilises the electrochemical environment your catalyst needs to perform reproducibly. Choosing it correctly is one of the highest-leverage decisions in your experimental design. We take that seriously.” — ScienceGears Technical Team
Further Reading — Continue in This Cluster Series
- → Nafion vs Fumasep AEM — PEM vs AEM for Water Electrolysis
- → Cation vs Anion vs Bipolar Membranes — Complete Ion Exchange Guide
- → Membrane Selection by Application — Fuel Cell, Electrolyser, H-Cell, MEA Test Cell
